Idiome:

1. The poetical and metaphysical strain that still lived in Church Slavonic forms and locutions;

2. Abundant and natural gallicisms;

3. The everyday colloquialisms of his set; and

4. Stylized popular speech.

In his use of words he is said to have emancipated the Russian language from its adolescent conventions and achieved a simplicity directness of speech and imagery that have few parallels outside the language of ancient Greece. His ear, untrained and uninterested in music proper, is said to have had a unique instinct for combining, contrasting and exploiting the various vowel sounds and the extraordinary wealth of liquid, sibilant and guttural consonants that give the Russian language its beauty and variety, while he retained a simplicity and a naturalness of expression that often give his poetry and prose an almost conversational WRITINGS

Andzhelo  (narrative poem, 1833); A. V. Kuznetsov, 1894, as Iskusheniye  

Arap Petra Velikogo  (unfinished novella, 1834–7): G. N. Dudkevich, inc., lib. 1937; Arapov, 1959, as Fregat ‘Pobeda’ ; Lourié, 1961 

Bakhchisarayskiy fontan  (narrative poem, 1822): M.chura, 1871, as Marie Potocká; A. F. Fyodorov, 1895; M. M. Zubov, 1898; A. A. Il’insky, 1899; G. A. Smetanin, 1935, as Girey-khan; I. K. Shaposhnikov, 1937 

Barïshnya-krest’yanka  (tale, 1830): I. P. Larionov, 1875; Zajc, 1878, as Lizinka; Shutke, 1888; F. Ekkert, 1911, as Liza Muromskaya; Y. S. Biryukov, 1947; I. N. Kovner, 1948, as Akulina; V. Duke, 1958 (orig. in Fr. 1926, as Demoiselle paysanne)  Boris Godunov (tragedy, 1825): Musorgsky, 1874 

Domik v Kolomne  (narrative poem, 1830): Solov’yov, inc., excerpts pubd 1899; Stravinsky, 1922, as Mavra Dubrovsky (unfinished novella, 1833): Nápravník, 1895; Napoli, 1973, as Dubrowski II 

Graf Nulin  (narrative poem, 1825): G. A. Lishin, 1882; A. A. Arkhangel’sky, 1915; Koval’, comp. 1929 (rev. 1949, as Usad’ba ); N. M. Strel’nikov, 1949; A. A. Nikolayev, 1983 

Grobovshchik  (tale, 1830): I. G. Admoni, 1935 

Kammenïy gost’  (‘little tragedy’, 1830): Dargomïzhsky, 1872; Y. S. Biryukov, 1937, as Don-Zhuan i Leporello; N. A. Timofeyev, inc., 1933; Malipiero, 1963, as Don Giovanni; Kobekin, 1984, as Prorok  (with excerpts from Pir vo

vremya chumï) 

Kapitanskaya dochka  (novella, 1836): Cui, 1911; S. A. Katz, 1941 

Kavkazskiy plennik  (narrative poem, 1821): Cui, 1883 (orig. version 1857–8); D. Lari, 1909, as Jela 

Mednïy vsadnik  (narrative poem, 1833): Asaf’yev, 1939–40 

Metel’  (tale, 1830): Kryukov, inc., 1941; Dzerzhinsky, 1946, as V zimnyuyu noch’  

Motsart i Sal’yeri  (‘little tragedy’, 1830): Rimsky-Korsakov, 1898 

Pikovaya dama  (novella, 1833): Halévy, 1850, as La dame de pique; Suppé, 1862, as Die Kartenschlägerin; Tchaikovsky, 1890 

Pir vo vremya chumï  (‘little tragedy’ , 1830): Cui, 1901; N. S. Rechmensky, 1927; Lourié, 1935; V. M. Tarnopol’sky, 1937; Goldenweiser, 1945; Firsova, 1972; A. A. Nikolayev, 1982; Kobekin, 1984, as Prorok  (with excerpts from Kamennïy gost’) 

Poltava (narrative poem, 1828): B. A. Vietinghoff-Schell, 1858, as Mazepa; P. P. Sokal’sky, 1859, as Mariya; Tchaikovsky, 1884, as Mazepa Roslavlev (novella frag., 1831): M. M. Bagrinovsky, 1944, as 1812 god  (with excerpts from G. Danilevsky’s novel

Sozhzhyonnaya Moskva ) 

Rusalka  (unfinished dramatic poem, 1826–32): A. A. Alyab’yev, comp. 1841–3, as Rïbak i rusalka, ili Zloye zel’ye , inc.; Dargomïzhsky, 1856; Baroness de Maistre, 1870, as Les roussalkas 

Ruslan i Lyudmila  (narrative poem, 1820): Glinka, 1842 

Skazka o myortvoy tsarevne i o semi bogatïryakh  (imitation folktale, 1833): A. Y. Mittel’shtedt, vs pubd 1913; M. I. Krasev, 1924; A. A. Yemel’yanov, 1937; Veysberg, 1938, as Myortvaya tsarevna ; A. A. Kotilko, 1947; M. Y. Chernyak, 1949; V. N. Tsïbin, 1949 

Skazka o pope i rabotnike ego Balde  (folktale, 1830): L. I. Voinov, 1929; V. B. Karagichev, 1931; L. O. Bakalov , 1938 

Skazka o rïbake i rïbke  (imitation folktale, 1833): L. A. Polovinkin, 1935; B. D. Gibalin, 1936; N. M. Parkhomenko, 1936; A. M. Manukian, 1937 (in Armenian); G. Croses, 1942, as Le poisson fée 

Skazka o Tsare Saltane  (imitation folktale, 1831): Rimsky-Korsakov, 1900; A. V. Nikol’sky, 1912 

Skazka o zolotom petushke  (imitation folktale, 1834): Rimsky-Korsakov, 1909, as Zolotoy petushok  

Skupoy rïtsar’  (‘little tragedy’, 1830): Rakhmaninov, 1906; Napoli, 1970, as Il barone avaro 

Stantsionnïy smotritel’  (tale, 1830): L. Karlovsky, 1893, as Dunyasha – doch’ stantsionnogo smotritelya ; Grechaninov, 1906; Kryukov, 1940; F. Reuter, 1947, as Postmaster Wyrin; Z. Y. Stel’nik, inc., 1948 

Torzhestvo Vakkha  (anacreontic verses, 1817): Dargomïzhsky, 1867 

Tsïganï  (narrative poem, 1824): Kashperov, inc., c1850; G. A. Lishin, inc., frags. pubd 1876; Rakhmaninov, 1893, as Aleko; P. F. Yuon, 1896, as Aleko; N. N. Mironov, 1899; V. Sacchi, 1899, as Gli zingari; A. Ferretto, 1900, as Gli zingari; A. N. Shefer, 1901; K. M. Galkauskas, 1908; Leoncavallo, 1912, as Zingari; L. I. Levankovsky,

1913, as Zemfira; N. M. Shakhmatov, 1949; I. Csenki, 1973, as Tsiganyok 

Vïstrel  (tale, 1830): S. K. Shtrassenburg, 1936 

Yevgeny Onegin  (verse novel, 1830): Tchaikovsky, 1879

Zhenikh  (ballad, 1825): I. Blyum, c1900